STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
The structure and written expression is designed to measure your ability
to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section, with special
directions for each type.
Part A: Structure
Example :
The swimming instructor came... if the apartment was still available.
A. to see
B. seeing
C. saw
D. for seeing
The sentence should be read "The swimming instructor came to see if the apartment was still available." Therefore, you should choose A.
A. to see
B. seeing
C. saw
D. for seeing
The sentence should be read "The swimming instructor came to see if the apartment was still available." Therefore, you should choose A.
Part B: Written Expression
Look the examples.
Example : Brenda must have called her brother last night, but she arrived home too late to call him.
A B C D
The sentence should be read "Brenda should have called her brother last night, but she arrived home too late to call him." Therefore, you should choose A.
Material that is in the matter of structure and written expression :
Skill 1 : Make sure that sentence has a subject and a verb ( Verb )
A sentence in English MUST have at least a subject and a verb ( Verb ) . It
most often appears on the TOEFL test part structure / grammar of the issue of
subject and verb : It could be in a verb phrase may be eliminated or subject ,
or perhaps to both , or just have a subject and verb excess .
Example 1:
________ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
a) Yesterday
b) In the morning
c) Traffic
d) Cars
From the example above , there is a verb ( was ) , but there is no subject
. So the best answer is c ) Traffic . Answers a) and b ) are not included in
the category of the subject . Remember ! Time adverbs such as yesterday ,
in the morning , etc. should not be subject . While the answer to d ) is also
incorrect because the plural cars that do not confirm to the verb was (
singular ) .
Example 2:
Engineers _____ for work on the new space program.
a) necessary
b) are needed
c) hopefully
d) next month
The above sentence has a subject already ( enggineer ) , but did not have a
verb . Required him to fill out the answer is a verb . Of the four answers are
available only in the form of a verb that answer b ) are needed . So it is
clear that the answer is b . Necessary ( adjective) , hopefully ( adjective /
adverb ) , next month ( adjective / adverb ) .
Skill 2 : Consider the objects of prepositions ( preposition )
Object ( what comes after ) preposition ( preposition ) must noun or
pronoun form ( pronoun ) . An example of the proposition that in , at , of , to
, by , on , behind , and others . Please refer to the dictionary to determine
the form of the preposition .
example :
After his exams Tom will take a trip by boat .
In the sentence above , there are two preposition : after and by . The word
exam (noun ) is the object of the preposition after , and is the object
daripreposition by boat .
The object of the preposition can create confusion in the TOEFL test part structure / grammar . Remember ! The object of the preposition is not the
subject of the sentence .
Example :
With his friends _____ found the movie theater.
a) has
b) he
c) later
d) when
Remember the lesson on skill 1 note in terms of structure about the TOEFL
that is looking for a subject and verb ( verb ) . In the above sentence are
verb ( found) . While the subject is not there . By him we need the answer
choice that is the subject . The word friend in the above sentence is not the
subject of the sentence because it is a friend with of preposition object . Of
the four options above only option b ) that he could be used as a subject . By
him the answer of the above sentence is b ) he.Has ( verb ) , later ( adverb )
, and when ( conjunction ) .
Another example :
- The interviews by
radio broadcaster were carried live by the
station.
- At the
neighborhood flower shop, flowers in
quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can
be delivered for free.
- The progressive
reading methods at this school are given credit for
the improved test scores.
The word on the block is the subject and
verb ( verb ) . That in the tilt and underlined a preposition and its object .
Skill 3 : Note the use and position Appositive
Appositive can be a rapscallion in knowing the subject
in a sentence structure in the TOEFL test section . Appositive is a noun that
comes after other nouns that have the same meaning .
Sally , the best student in the class , got an A on
the exam .
In the above example Sally is the subject of the
sentence and the best student in the class can be recognized easily as
appositive because there is a comma separated . The best student in the class
that is Sally too , so to both the same.
Example 1 ( which can outwit the TOEFL test )
_____,
George, is attending the lecture.
a) Right now
b) Happily
c) Because
of the time
d) My friend
The use of
the comma in the above tells us that George is not the subject of the sentence
. George is an appositive . By him the answers we need is a subject to complete
the sentence above . Right now ( adverb ) , happily ( adverb ) , and Because of
the time ( adverb ) can not be the subject . So the best answer is section d )
My friend .
Skill 4 : Note the use and position of the Present Participle
Present participle is verb + ing : talking ,
playing , watching, etc. . Form present participle can be a rapscallion in
TOEFL.Present Structure test item could be an adjective participle ( adjective
) which generally describes the subject of like Appositive ( see here on
appositive ) or be part of activity word (verb) when preceded by Be ( am , is ,
are , was , were ) .
1 . The man is talking to his friend .
2 . The man talking to his friend has a beard .
In the first sentence talking present participle
form of the verb part because preceded by Be ( is ) . While no. 2 talking
present participle is an adjective ( describes the men 's ) and not as part of
a verb because it is not preceded by some as the first sentence . Verb of the
sentence into two: has ( the man has a beard ) .
Sample sentences below describe how to present
participledapat be detractors in Structure TOEFL test
Example :
The child _____ playing in the yard is my son.
a) now
b) is
c) he
d) was
In the sentence above we can
see that the sentence already has a subject ( the child ) and a verb ( is ) .
So said playing constitute a present participle adjective so it does not need be
earlier . Him answer b ) is and d ) was not required by the above sentence (
wrong answer ) . The sentence above is perfect because it has a subject and do
not need anymore verb so that verb ( is / was ) or the subject ( he ) so c )
he too wrong . So the best answer is a) now ( adverb ) .
Skill 5 : Note the use and
position of Past Participle
Usage and Past Participle
position similar to the present participle that has been discussed yesterday (
see here ) . The difference shaped passive voice Past Participle ( in ... ) .
III Verb past participle ie
: purchased , written , taught , etc. . Present participle form of the problem
can be Spieler Structure TOEFL test . Past participle can only be an adjective
( adjective ) which generally describes the subject of like Appositive ( see
here on appositive ) or be part of activity word ( verb ) when preceded by be ( am
, is , are , was , were ) and have ( have , has , had)
• The family has purchased a
television .
• The poem was written by
Paul .
In the first sentence of the
form of the past participle ' purchased ' are part of the verb because preceded
by have ( has ) . While no. 2 past participle ' written ' is also a part of the
verb because preceded by some ( was ) .
• The television was
purchased yesterday expensive .
• The poem written by Paul
Appeared in the magazine .
The second form of the past
participle above ( purchased and written ) are not followed to be or to have
it both an adjective that describes the shape of each subject of the sentence
(television and poem ) .
Sample sentences below
illustrates how the past participle can be a rapscallion in Structure TOEFL
test .
Example :
The packages
_____ mailed at the post office will arrive Monday.
a) have
b) were
c) them
d) just
If viewed at a glance , or just beginning the sentence alone might we
fooled with regard mailed it as a verb of the sentence but if we look at the
sentence more then we see there is no verb will arrive . So we can know that it
was mailed but not part of the verb as an adjective . Him answer a) havedan d )
were not required by mailed - which serves as an adjective . Answer c ) Them (
the object is not needed . So the best answer is d ) just ( adverb ) .
Skill 6 : Use a coordinate conjunction with correct connector
Many words in English have more than one clause ( clause ) :
• I am learning .
• Mom is cooking , and dad is working in the garden .
• The girl who is looking at me is my neighbor .
The first sentence has only one clause while the last two sentences have
two clauses of the first ' mom is cooking ' and ' dad is working in the garden
. ' The second ' the girl is my neighbor ' and ' who is looking at me . ' From
the above examples we can conclude that the clause was part of the sentence or
the sentence itself that has a subject and a verb . It is generally understood
that the clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb .
In this skill will be learned about the forms of words link coordinate
connector and its use in the sentence . Coordinate connector is used to connect
between one another clause by clause . Common coordinate connector examples
are: and , but , or , so , yet ( but ) . Note the use of commas before.
• Tom is singing , and Paul is dancing .
• Tom is tall , but Paul is short .
• Tom must write the letter , or Paul will do it .
• Tom told a joke , so Paul laughed .
• Tom is tired , yet he is not going to sleep .
The example below illustrates how to coordinate connector made as a
matter in Structure TOEFL test .
Example :
A power failure occured, _____ the lamps went out.
a) then
b) so
c) later
d) next
From the above sentence we can know that the sentence has two clauses ' a
power failure occured ' and ' the lamps went out ' . So the sentence need a coordinate
connector to connect to the two clauses . Choice of answers there is only one
form of connector so . So the best answer is b ) .
Skill 7 : Use a conjunctive adverb of time ( Adverb Time Connector ) and
conjunctive causes ( Cause Connector ) with correct
Sentences using clauses of clause adverb of time has 2 basic patterns :
• I will sign the check before you live .
• Before you live , I will sign the check .
Each of the examples above , there are two clauses : you live and I will
sign the check . The second clause of the clause adverb of time ( time adverb
clause ) which you live because it is preceded by a conjunctive adverb of time
( time adverb connector ) before . Note the use of the coma when the time
adverb connector located at the front of the sentence .
The example below illustrates how the pattern is used as a matter of
sentence in Structure TOEFL test .
Example :
_____ was late, I missed the appointment.
a) I
b) Because
c) The train
d) Since he
From the above sentence we can know that the sentence has a verb was the
need of the subject . There is also another clause I missed the appointment .
If you chose answer A ) I or c ) The train then you are not the right answer
because it only provides the subject for the verb was while connector for
the two clauses to ignore. To answer b ) Because only provide a connector so it
is also not the right answer . The most likely answer is d ) Since he ( because
he is) . He was the subject of a verb : he was late and since the connector
linking the two clauses he was late and I miss the appointment .
Diagram to list conjunctive adverb time and cause :
Diagram to list conjunctive adverb time and cause :
ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE
CONNECTORS
|
||
TIME
|
CAUSE
|
|
After
as soon as
once when
As
before
since whenever
As long
as by the time
until while
|
As
now that
Because
since
In as much
as
|
|
Skill 8 : Use the information that the other conjunctions ( Adverb Other Connectors ) with correct.
OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS
|
|||
Condition(pengandaian)
|
Contrast (berlawanan)
|
Manner(cara)
|
Place
|
If (jika)
In case
(if)
Provided
(if)
Providing
(if)
Unless
(kecuali jika)
Whether
|
Although
(walaupun)
Even
though (although)
Though
(although)
While
(walaupun/sedangkan/tapi)
Whereas
(while)
|
As
In that
|
Where
Wherever
(di manapun)
|
Contoh:
Bob Went to
school even though he felt sick.
Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school.
Catatan:
• Note the use of the coma when the connector at the
beginning of the sentence .
• Pay attention to the subject ( the word is blocked
) and verbs ( words that are blocked and underlined ) in each clause
Except : While
always use commas or whereas
The Smith family arrived at 2:00 , while the Jones
family arrived an hour later. Mary is rich , while John is poor .
While John is poor , Mary is rich .
Whereas John is poor , Mary is rich .
|
|||
The example below illustrates how the pattern is used as a matter of
sentence in Structure TOEFL test .
Example :
You will get a good grade on the exam provided _____.
a) studying
b) study
c) to study
d) you study
From the above sentence we can know that the sentence adverb connector
Provided it is in the middle of a sentence . So what we need is one clause to
another. Remember that the clause is a collection of sentences that have a
subject and verb combinations . Of options that exist only part answer choice d
) that has a subject and verb . By him the right choice is d ) you study .
Skill 9 : Use conjunctive clause Noun ( Noun Clause Connectors ) with correct
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
|
|||
what,
when, where, why, how
|
whatever,
whenever
|
||
whether
(apakah), if (apakah)
|
that
(bahwa / sering tidak diartikan)
|
||
Contoh:
I know
what you did
I: Subjek
V:Verb
What: Noun
Connector
You:
Subjek
Did
(mengerjakan): Verb
Example
above we can know that the Noun Clause ( what you did ) serves as the object
of the sentence.
|
|||
Noun clause is a form of clause ( clause ) that functions as a noun (noun )
which means it can occupy the position of the noun is : as the subject or
object of a verb or preposition objects ( preposition ) .
1 . I know when he will arrive . ( noun clause as the object of the verb )
2 . I am concerned about when he will arrive . ( noun clause as the object
of a preposition )
3 . When he will arrive is not important . ( noun clause as subject of the
sentence )
In the example the first sentence , there are two clauses , and I know he
will arrive . The two clauses are connected by connectors ( conjunctions ) when
. When he will arrive clause into a noun clause that functions as the object of
the verb know .
Skill 10 : Use
conjunctive noun clause that functions as well as the subject ( Noun Clause
Connectors / Subjects ) with correct
NOUN
CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS
|
|||
Who what which
Whoever whatever whichever
|
|||
S V noun
connector/subject
V
I
know what happened
Example above we can
know that the ' what' not only serves as a connector , but also at the same
time the subject of the noun clause ' what happened . '
example :
noun
connector/subject V V
What happened was great
menjadi
subjek dari kalimat What happened was great.
Example above we can know that the ' what' not only serves as a
connector , but also at the same time the subject of the noun clause ' what
happened . ' And ' what happened ' function is the subject of the sentence
What happened was great .
|
|||
In
previous skill ( skill 9 ) , we learn that the noun clause connector function as connector ( conjunctive ) . In this 10 skill we would learn that the noun
clause connector ( conjunctive noun clause ) not only serves as a connector but
can also simultaneously be the subject of a noun clause .
1 . The I
do not know what is in the box .
2 . We
are concerned about who will do the work .
3 .
Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift .
In the
example the first sentence , there are two clauses , I do not know and what is
in the box . The two clauses are connected by a connector ( conjunctive ) what
. Please note in this sentence connectors ' what' has two roles : as the
subject of the verb 'is' is also as connector that connects to 2 clause .
In the
second example , there are two clauses . In the first clause , we are on the
subject are . In clause 2, who was the subject of a will do . Who also serves
as a connector that connects between the two clauses . Noun clause who will do
the work serves as the object of the preposition about .
In the
third example , also there are two clauses : the subject of whoever is coming .
Whoever is coming to the party are subject of must bring . Connector word '
whoever ' serves as the subject of the verb is coming as well as a connector that
connects to the two clauses .
Example :
____ Was
on television made me angry
A. It
B. The
story
C. What
D. When
Can be
readily seen that the above sentence has two verbs ( and was made) and every
verb needs a subject . Answers A and B because the subjects ' It'dan ' the
story' can not be the subject of two verbs ( and was made) at the same time .
Answer D is obviously wrong since when is not a subject . In answer C word
serves as the subject of what was and also as a connector to the two clauses
above . ; noun clause ' what was on the television ' is the subject of the verb
'made . ' By him the best answer is C. What .
Sumber :
http://englishahkam.blogspot.com/2012/08/belajar-structure-grammar-toefl-4.html
www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com
www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com
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